The Corporation is a business structure that provides personal liability protection by separating the owner’s personal assets from the assets of the business. Thus, a corporation is liable for the actions and finances of the business, while the owners (known as shareholders) are not.

Corporation Pros

• Corporations provide liability protection for the shareholders
• A corporation can raise non-debt financing by selling shares of the business
• Taxation may be lower than a sole proprietorship or partnership

Corporation Cons

• Corporations are more complex and expensive to set up than sole proprietorships, partnerships, and Limited Liability Companies (LLC)
• At a minimum, corporations are required to hold an annual board of directors meeting, shareholders meeting, take minutes at the meetings, issue shares, etc., to maintain the entity’s liability protection.

Related: Guide to starting a business in North Carolina

Generally, Corporations are chosen over a Limited Liability Company when a significant amount of funding is being raised from investors.  However, due to the cost and complexity of the Corporation, most small businesses are better off forming an LLC.

Related: How to form an LLC in North Carolina

The following steps are to create a domestic Corporation, which is the most common type for businesses. The other types of Corporations in North Carolina include a foreign Corporation (an out-of-state Corporation wanting approval to physically operate in the state), a professional Corporation (designated for Corporations offering professional services), or a non-profit Corporation.

Steps to Forming a Corporation in North Carolina

Step 1: Choose a Name

The first step in forming a Corporation in North Carolina is selecting a name.

The name of the Corporation has to be different from other entity names in the state of North Carolina.  Check Corporation name availability in North Carolina.

The name of the Corporation must include one of the following designators at the end of the business name:

• Corporation
• Company
• Limited
• Incorporated
• Or an abbreviation of one of those words – Corp., Co., Ltd., or Inc.

 

A comma may be used after the business name and before the designator.  For example, “Common Grounds Coffee Inc.” and “Common Grounds Coffee, Inc.” are both acceptable.

If there is a name you want but are not ready to register the Corporation, you can file the Application to Reserve a Business Entity Name (Form BE-03) with the North Carolina Secretary of State. The name reservation will hold a name for up to 120 days at the cost of $30.

Before selecting a name, you may also want to see if the domain name is also available.

While a Corporation has to select a unique name that another North Carolina Corporation isn’t using, that doesn’t guarantee that the name isn’t currently used by someone else.  Before registering a Corporation name, be sure to do a trademark search to verify it is available for you to use.

Step 2: Choose a Registered Agent

To have a Corporation in North Carolina, a North Carolina Registered Agent must be identified to act as a central point of contact to receive legal documents, tax notices, summons, subpoenas, etc., on behalf of the Corporation.  This can either be a resident of North Carolina or commercial registered agent service.

You can act as the Corporation’s Registered Agent in North Carolina, and you are not required to pay for a registered agent. The requirements to be a Registered Agent include generally being available at the registered address during normal business hours and have a physical street address in the state.  A PO Box is not allowed.

Any individual meeting the requirements can be the agent; however, the agent’s name and address will become public record, and with that comes a loss of privacy. This is more important for some entrepreneurs, especially when doing business from home or are still employed.  Hiring a company like Northwest Registered Agent to be the Registered Agent will help protect their privacy.

Related: Do I Need a Registered Agent in North Carolina?

Step 3: File the North Carolina Articles of Incorporation

Next, you can start filing the Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State. The Articles of Incorporation can be filed on the Secretary of State’s website or with Form B01.

The information requested includes:

• The name of the Corporation, which must contain the word “Corporation,” “Company,” “Limited,” “Incorporated,” or an abbreviation.
• The number of shares the corporation is authorized to issue.
• Information regarding the shares of the Corporation.   This section includes the class of stock and whether only one class of stock will be authorized (common stock is most common) or divided into multiple classes or series.
• Registered Agent’s name and street address of the initial registered office.
• Mailing address of the registered office, if it is different from the previous address.
• Whether the Corporation has a principal office and its phone number and address, typically, a registered office is where the registered agent is located, while a principal office is where the business activities take place or records are kept.
• Names and addresses of the incorporators.   These can be one of the owners of the Corporation or someone helping with the formation of the entity.
• Effective date. If you want to finalize the paperwork of the Corporation but not have it start for up to 90 days in the future, enter the future date. Otherwise, choose upon filing.

The North Carolina Articles of Incorporation can be filed online or submitted by mail.  The mailing address is:

North Carolina Secretary of State
Corporations Division
P.O. Box 29622
Raleigh, NC 27626-0622

Step 4: Create Corporate Bylaws

Bylaws are the general guiding principles and procedures of the operations of the business. For example, the bylaws may include the name and addresses of the initial directors of the Corporation, responsibilities of the board members, terms of office, procedures for removing or adding a new director or shareholder, policies for authorizing new shares, when shareholder, and director meetings will be held, and more.

Step 5: Hold the Initial Board of Directors Meeting

During the first board meeting, the board of directors will, at a minimum, elect the officers of the Corporation (the President, Vice President, Treasurer, and Secretary). They will also typically review and approve corporate bylaws, choose a bank, issue shares of stock, and decide whether the Corporation will be taxed as a C corporation or S corporation.

It’s critical to remember that taking meeting minutes at all meetings is necessary to protect the shareholders from lawsuits and court actions. The minutes provide a record of all decisions and actions taken during the meeting. Minutes aren’t filed with the state, however, they need to be stored with other Corporate documents.

Step 6: Issue Shares of Stock

In exchange for money or services, the Corporation can exchange shares of stock. The number of shares of stock issued cannot be more than the number of authorized shares listed in the Articles of Incorporation.

Alternatively, an inexpensive Corporate Kit can be purchased from Amazon, which has a corporate records book, blank stock certificates, initial meeting minutes template, a corporate seal, and more.

Step 7: Obtain an EIN

The EIN or Employer Identification Number (also called a Federal Employer Identification Number, FEIN, or Tax ID Number) is a unique 9-digit tax identification number assigned to a business by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Similar to a social security number for an individual, the EIN identifies the Corporation for tax purposes. The EIN will be needed to hire employees, open a bank account, register for business licenses and permits, file tax returns, and more.

There is no cost for the EIN when registering through the IRS. The number is available immediately when applying through the IRS website; however, you can also register by phone, fax, or mailing IRS Form SS-4.

Related: How to Apply for an EIN

Step 8: Elect the Corporation’s Form of Federal Income Taxation

By default, a new corporation will be taxed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) like a C-Corporation.  C-Corporations pay corporate taxes on their profits, and the owners pay personal income taxes on their dividends.

A Corporation can elect to be taxed as an S-Corporation. S-Corporations are taxed as “pass-through entities,” which means the Corporation itself does not file corporate taxes. Instead, the profits (or losses) “pass through” to the shareholders, who then report this income on their individual taxes.

For most small businesses, the S-Corporation tax election is the most beneficial because it eliminates the double taxation of the C-Corporation. This tax election can be changed; however, it is highly recommended to talk with an accountant before making this decision.

Step 9: Open a Bank Account

Opening a bank account for your Corporation is important for liability protection as the bank account separates the business’s funds from the member’s personal funds.
Several documents will be needed to open a business bank account, such as:

• A banking resolution is a document that authorizes the members to open a business bank account on behalf of the LLC.
• Copies of the original Articles of Incorporation showing the creation of the Corporation in addition to the bylaws.
• Driver’s licenses of the members.
• Depending on the age of the Corporation, a North Carolina Certificate of Good Standing may be needed to prove the business entity is active and in good standing with the state.

Related: How to Open a Business Bank Account 

Step 10: Apply for Business Licenses and Permits

Depending on what your business does and where it is located, various business licenses and permits will likely be needed before starting your business. Some common registrations include:

Business Licenses – The state of North Carolina doesn’t have a general business license; however, many cities require a business license to operate. Business Link North Carolina (BLNC) is a free source to find which local licenses are needed.

Sales & Use Tax Number – Businesses selling products and certain services will need to register for a Sales & Use Tax Number with the North Carolina Department of Revenue.

Occupational Licenses – Some occupations and professions such as commercial fishermen, firearms trainers, fur dealers, and barbers require licensing in North Carolina. While this isn’t a license on the business, licensing is required in order to operate.

Zoning – Before starting to operate a business (even if it’s home-based), be sure to check local zoning regulations before starting to operate out of a location.

Related: What business licenses and permits are needed in North Carolina?

Step 11: File Annual Reports

Corporations are required to submit an annual report with the North Carolina Secretary of State by filing Form BCA 14.05.  The annual report is due each year on the 15^th day of the fourth month, following the Corporation’s fiscal year-end. Many Corporations use December 31^st as their fiscal year-end, and if so, have their Annual Report due April 15^th.

The filing fee for the annual report in North Carolina is $20 for online filings and $25 for mailed in filings.